Impfprävention

Zusammenfassung

Erstmalig hat die STIKO evidenzbasierte Hinweise zur Schmerz- und Stressreduktion beim Impfen publiziert. Schmerz und Stress beeinflussen die Akzeptanz von Impfungen. Es liegen Empfehlungen zu Injektionstechniken, altersabhängigen Ablenkungsmethoden und weiteren Verhaltensweisen vor. Langzeitdaten zur Persistenz von anti-HBsKonzentrationen 30 Jahre nach der Grundimmunisierung mit einem Hepatitis-B-Impfstoff belegen die Induktion einer Gedächtnisantwort bzw. die Stabilität der Antikörperspiegel. Anti-HBs-Titer fallen in Abhängigkeit vom Impfalter unterschiedlich aus. Pertussis-Epidemien treten in Ländern mit niedriger Durchimpfungsquote alle 3–4 Jahre zyklisch auf. Neuere Daten aus Deutschland belegen, dass das Erkrankungsalter bei Pertussis zunimmt und die Impfimmunität kürzer andauert als ursprünglich angenommen. Azelluläre Pertussis-Impfstoffe sind allgemein schlechter wirksam als Ganzkeim-Impfstoffe. Säuglinge erkranken am häufigsten. Das Auftreten von Pertactin-defizienten Pertussis-Stämmen scheint für den Wirkungsverlust der Impfstoffe von Bedeutung zu sein. Es werden Daten zur Sicherheit der Rotavirus-, HPV- und MMR-Impfung sowie zum Auftreten von Impfgranulomen besprochen.

Summary

For the first time, STIKO published evidence-based information on pain and stress reduction during vaccination. Pain and stress affect the acceptance of vaccinations. There are recommendations on injection techniques, age-dependent deflection methods and other behaviors.

Long-term data on the persistence of anti-HBs concentrations 30 years after the basic immunization with a hepatitis B vaccine demonstrate the induction of a memory response and the stability of the antibody levels. Anti-HBs titres vary depending on the age of vaccination. Pertussis epidemics occur cyclically every 3 to 4 years in countries with low vaccination rates. Recent data from Germany show that the disease age increases with pertussis and the vaccine immunity is shorter than originally assumed. Accellular pertussis vaccines are generally less effective than whole-seed vaccines. Infants develop most frequently. The occurrence of pertactin-deficient pertussis strains appears to be important for the loss of potency of the vaccines. Data on the safety of rotavirus, HPV and MMR vaccination as well as on the appearance of vaccine granulomas are discussed.

Schlüsselwörter

Schmerz- und Stressreduktion beim Impfen - Langzeitimmunität nach Hepatitis-B-Impfung - Pertussis in Deutschland - Wirksamkeit von Pertussis-Impfstoffen - Impfstoffsicherheit

Keywords

Pain and stress reduction during vaccination - long-term immunity after hepatitis B vaccination - pertussis in Germany - efficacy of pertussis vaccines - vaccine safety

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